{"id":184975,"date":"2026-07-31T14:32:25","date_gmt":"2026-07-31T06:32:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?post_type=course_page&#038;p=184975"},"modified":"2026-07-31T14:44:25","modified_gmt":"2026-07-31T06:44:25","slug":"exploring-probiotics-and-bacteriophages-114-en","status":"publish","type":"course_page","link":"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/college-of-life-sciences-en\/exploring-probiotics-and-bacteriophages-114-en","title":{"rendered":"Academic YearApplied microbiology\uff1aexploring probiotics and bacteriophages -114 Academic Year"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"184975\" class=\"elementor elementor-184975\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"penci-section penci-disSticky penci-structure-10 elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90a0113 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90a0113\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"penci-ercol-100 penci-ercol-order-1 penci-sticky-ct    elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-78bf394\" data-id=\"78bf394\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"penci-section penci-disSticky penci-structure-20 elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0025485 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0025485\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"penci-ercol-50 penci-ercol-order-1 penci-sticky-ct    elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0446ed9\" data-id=\"0446ed9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f5840a elementor-widget elementor-widget-penci-info-box\" data-id=\"2f5840a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"penci-info-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"penci_info_box_24036\" class=\"penci-block-vc penci-info-box penci-ibox-float-left penci-view-default penci-shape-circle\">\r\n\t\t\t<div class=\"penci-ibox-inner\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"penci-ibox-icon penci-ibox-icon--icon penci-icon penci-tibox-text\"><span class=\"penci-ibox-icon-fa\"><\/span><\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"penci-ibox-content-wrap\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"penci-ibox-title\">Academic YearApplied microbiology\uff1aexploring probiotics and bacteriophages -114 Academic Year<\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6381f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-eael-adv-tabs\" data-id=\"c6381f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"eael-adv-tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t        <div id=\"eael-advance-tabs-c6381f4\" class=\"eael-advance-tabs eael-tabs-horizontal eael-tab-auto-active\" data-tabid=\"c6381f4\">\n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-nav\">\n                <ul class=\"eael-tab-inline-icon\">\n                                            <li id=\"home\" class=\"active-default eael-tab-item-trigger\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"home-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-home\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M280.37 148.26L96 300.11V464a16 16 0 0 0 16 16l112.06-.29a16 16 0 0 0 15.92-16V368a16 16 0 0 1 16-16h64a16 16 0 0 1 16 16v95.64a16 16 0 0 0 16 16.05L464 480a16 16 0 0 0 16-16V300L295.67 148.26a12.19 12.19 0 0 0-15.3 0zM571.6 251.47L488 182.56V44.05a12 12 0 0 0-12-12h-56a12 12 0 0 0-12 12v72.61L318.47 43a48 48 0 0 0-61 0L4.34 251.47a12 12 0 0 0-1.6 16.9l25.5 31A12 12 0 0 0 45.15 301l235.22-193.74a12.19 12.19 0 0 1 15.3 0L530.9 301a12 12 0 0 0 16.9-1.6l25.5-31a12 12 0 0 0-1.7-16.93z\"><\/path><\/svg>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title  title-after-icon\">Course Homepage<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                            <li id=\"video\" class=\"inactive eael-tab-item-trigger\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"video-tab\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n                            \n                                                                <svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-video\" viewBox=\"0 0 576 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M336.2 64H47.8C21.4 64 0 85.4 0 111.8v288.4C0 426.6 21.4 448 47.8 448h288.4c26.4 0 47.8-21.4 47.8-47.8V111.8c0-26.4-21.4-47.8-47.8-47.8zm189.4 37.7L416 177.3v157.4l109.6 75.5c21.2 14.6 50.4-.3 50.4-25.8V127.5c0-25.4-29.1-40.4-50.4-25.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>                                                            \n                                                            <span class=\"eael-tab-title  title-after-icon\">Course Video<\/span>                            \n                                                    <\/li>\n                                    <\/ul>\n            <\/div>\n            \n            <div class=\"eael-tabs-content\">\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"home-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item active-default\" data-title-link=\"home-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t        <p style=\"margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 28px; color: #101010; font-family: \u5fae\u8edf\u6b63\u9ed1\u9ad4, Arial; font-size: 16px;\">This course is provided by the <a href=\"https:\/\/cls.nycu.edu.tw\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NYCUCollege of Life ciences<\/a>.<\/p><p style=\"margin-bottom: 10px; line-height: 28px; color: #101010; font-family: \u5fae\u8edf\u6b63\u9ed1\u9ad4, Arial; font-size: 16px;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\"><strong>Lec01 TEM Sample Preparation<\/strong><br \/>This video demonstrates the step-by-step process for preparing bacteriophage samples for TEM imaging, enabling clear visualization and detailed analysis of their structural features.<br \/><strong>Lec02 Phage Isolation and Spot Test<\/strong><br \/>Bacteriophages (Phages) can be isolated from environment water sample. This video guides you on how to isolate bacteriophages targeting your bacteria host, and to identify the presence of phage using a simple and straightforward method (Spot test).<br \/><strong>Lec03 Phage Purification \uff08Plaque and Enrichment\uff09<\/strong><br \/>This video shows a step-by-step method to purify phage. After the confirmation of phage presence in Lec 02, we perform plaque assay to purify a single phage from the water sample. Enrichment of the phage lysate will be performed after purification when only single morphology of plaque is observed.<br \/><strong>Lec04 Phage DNA Extraction<\/strong><br \/>This video shows how to extract bacteriophage DNA step by step using a commercial kit, following the manufacturer's instructions with a minor changes. It provides a clear workflow from making phage lysate to getting pure DNA that can be used for things like sequencing. Ideal for beginners and researchers working in phage biology and molecular microbiology.<br \/><strong>Lec05 Whole Genome Sequencing<\/strong> <br \/>This video provides a comprehensive, step-by-step guide to preparing high-quality DNA libraries for bacteriophage whole genome sequencing using the Nanopore platform.<br \/><strong>Lec06 Genome assembly and analysis<\/strong><br \/>This video shows the assembly of bacteriophage genome from Nanopore raw data using Flye de novo assembler. PhageScope will be used to annotate and visualize the genome composition of bacteriophage.<br \/><strong>Lec07 Larvae Infection<\/strong><br \/>This video demonstrates the Galleria mellonella (wax moth larvae) infection model used in microbiology research to study bacterial infection and treatment response. It highlights the inoculum preparation, basic injection procedure and monitoring process, giving a simple look at how larvae are used to evaluate virulence and potential therapies such as bacteriophages.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-size: 16px;\">Textbook\uff1a<\/span><span style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 16px;\"><br \/><\/span><\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><table style=\"color: #101010; font-family: \u5fae\u8edf\u6b63\u9ed1\u9ad4, Arial; font-size: 16px;\" border=\"1\"><tbody><tr><th style=\"text-align: center;\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" bgcolor=\"#FFF3DB\" width=\"100\"><span style=\"color: #313131; font-family: PT Serif, serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; white-space: normal;\">Instructor(s)<\/span><\/span><\/th><td bgcolor=\"#EEEEEE\" width=\"518\"><span style=\"color: #313131; font-family: PT Serif, serif;\"><span style=\"color: #313131; font-family: PT Serif, serif;\">\u00a0\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u53ca\u514d\u75ab\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u6240 \u9ad8\u6b63\u5f65\u8001\u5e2b<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th style=\"text-align: center;\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" bgcolor=\"#FFF3DB\"><span style=\"color: #313131; font-family: PT Serif, serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; white-space: normal;\">Course Credits<\/span><\/span><\/th><td class=\"text\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th class=\"text\" style=\"text-align: center;\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" bgcolor=\"#FFF3DB\"><span style=\"color: #313131; font-family: PT Serif, serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; white-space: normal;\">Academic Year<\/span><\/span><\/th><td class=\"text\" bgcolor=\"#EEEEEE\"><span style=\"color: #313131; font-family: PT Serif, serif;\">\u00a0114 <span style=\"font-weight: 400; white-space: normal;\">Academic Year<\/span><\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th style=\"text-align: center;\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" bgcolor=\"#FFF3DB\"><span style=\"color: #313131; font-family: PT Serif, serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; white-space: normal;\">Level<\/span><\/span><\/th><td class=\"text\"><span style=\"color: #313131; font-family: PT Serif, serif;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><tr><th style=\"text-align: center;\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" bgcolor=\"#FFF3DB\"><span style=\"color: #313131; font-family: PT Serif, serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; white-space: normal;\">Prior Knowledge<\/span><\/span><\/th><td class=\"text\" bgcolor=\"#EEEEEE\">\u00a0<\/td><\/tr><tr><th style=\"text-align: center;\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" bgcolor=\"#FFF3DB\"><span style=\"color: #313131; font-family: PT Serif, serif;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; white-space: normal;\">Related Resources<\/span><\/span><\/th><td class=\"text\"><span style=\"color: #313131; font-family: PT Serif, serif;\">\u00a0<a href=\"#video\">Course Video<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t                            <\/div>\n\t\t        \n                    <div id=\"video-tab\" class=\"clearfix eael-tab-content-item inactive\" data-title-link=\"video-tab\">\n\t\t\t\t        \t\t\t\t\t        <p>\n<table id=\"tablepress-632\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-632\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1 odd\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">Week<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">Course Content<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">Course Video<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">1<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Lec01 TEM Sample Preparation<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=184984\">Watch Online<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">2<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Lec02 Phage Isolation and Spot Test<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=184989\">Watch Online<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">3<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Lec03 Phage Purification (Plaque and Enrichment)<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=184995\">Watch Online<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">4<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Lec04 Phage DNA Extraction<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=185001\">Watch Online<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">5<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Lec05 Whole Genome Sequencing<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=185006\">Watch Online<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">6<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Lec06 Genome assembly and analysis<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=185011\">Watch Online<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\">7<\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Lec07 Larvae Infection<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=185016\">Watch Online<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<!-- #tablepress-632 from cache --><\/p>\t\t\t\t                            <\/div>\n\t\t                    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Bioscience<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-5379\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/college-of-humanities-and-social-sciences\" class=\"elementor-item\">College of Humanities Arts and Social Sciences<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-5378\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/college-of-hakka-affair-culture\" class=\"elementor-item\">College of Hakka Affair Culture<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-118070\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/school-of-law\" class=\"elementor-item\">School of Law<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-118069\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/school-of-nursing-2\" class=\"elementor-item\">School of Nursing<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-118071\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/college-of-photonics\" class=\"elementor-item\">College of Photonics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-125874\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/college-of-biomedical-science-and-engineering\" class=\"elementor-item\">College of Biomedical Science and Engineering<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-132738\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/college-of-life-sciences-en\" class=\"elementor-item\">College of Life Sciences<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-141797\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/colege-of-medicine-en\" class=\"elementor-item\">College of Medicine<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-118072\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/course-of-chinese-center\" class=\"elementor-item\">Course of Chinese Center<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-120431\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/liberal-arts-college\" class=\"elementor-item\">Forum Of Liberal Arts<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-123746\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/speech-of-general-education-center\" class=\"elementor-item\">Contemporary Civilization<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-128240\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/reading-of-classic-masterpiece\" class=\"elementor-item\">Reading of Classic Masterpiece<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-123745\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/course-of-general-education-center-2\" class=\"elementor-item\">Course of General Education Center<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-menu-toggle\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"\u9078\u55ae\u5207\u63db\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--open e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-menu-bar\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M104 333H896C929 333 958 304 958 271S929 208 896 208H104C71 208 42 237 42 271S71 333 104 333ZM104 583H896C929 583 958 554 958 521S929 458 896 458H104C71 458 42 487 42 521S71 583 104 583ZM104 833H896C929 833 958 804 958 771S929 708 896 708H104C71 708 42 737 42 771S71 833 104 833Z\"><\/path><\/svg><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" role=\"presentation\" class=\"elementor-menu-toggle__icon--close e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-close\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M742 167L500 408 258 167C246 154 233 150 217 150 196 150 179 158 167 167 154 179 150 196 150 212 150 229 154 242 171 254L408 500 167 742C138 771 138 800 167 829 196 858 225 858 254 829L496 587 738 829C750 842 767 846 783 846 800 846 817 842 829 829 842 817 846 804 846 783 846 767 842 750 829 737L588 500 833 258C863 229 863 200 833 171 804 137 775 137 742 167Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-screen-only\">\u9078\u55ae<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"elementor-nav-menu--dropdown elementor-nav-menu__container\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t<ul id=\"menu-2-3ffdd94\" class=\"elementor-nav-menu sm-vertical\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-121577\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/self-learning-courses-for-high-school-students\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Self-learning courses for high school students<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-121578\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/pre-university-courses\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Pre-University Courses<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-5381\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/college-of-science\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">College of Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-5377\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/college-of-engineering\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">College of Engineering<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-5376\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/college-of-electrical-and-computer-engineering\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">College of Electrical and Computer Engineering<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-5380\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/college-of-management\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">College of Management<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-5375\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/college-of-computer-science\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">College of Computer Science<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-5374\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/college-of-biological-science-and-technology\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">College of Engineering Bioscience<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-5379\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/college-of-humanities-and-social-sciences\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">College of Humanities Arts and Social Sciences<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-5378\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/college-of-hakka-affair-culture\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">College of Hakka Affair Culture<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-118070\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/school-of-law\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">School of Law<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-118069\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/school-of-nursing-2\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">School of Nursing<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-118071\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/college-of-photonics\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">College of Photonics<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-125874\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/college-of-biomedical-science-and-engineering\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">College of Biomedical Science and Engineering<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-132738\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/college-of-life-sciences-en\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">College of Life Sciences<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-141797\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/colege-of-medicine-en\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">College of Medicine<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-118072\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/course-of-chinese-center\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Course of Chinese Center<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-120431\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/liberal-arts-college\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Forum Of Liberal Arts<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-123746\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/speech-of-general-education-center\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Contemporary Civilization<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-128240\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/reading-of-classic-masterpiece\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Reading of Classic Masterpiece<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-course_page ajax-mega-menu menu-item-123745\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course-2\/course-of-general-education-center-2\" class=\"elementor-item\" tabindex=\"-1\">Course of General Education Center<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t<\/nav>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Academic YearA&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":184926,"parent":132519,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10893],"tags":[341],"class_list":["post-184975","course_page","type-course_page","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-college-of-life-sciences-en","tag-label-all-course-en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Academic 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