{"id":49670,"date":"2022-11-14T16:58:37","date_gmt":"2022-11-14T08:58:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?post_type=course_page&#038;p=49670"},"modified":"2026-04-27T16:49:55","modified_gmt":"2026-04-27T08:49:55","slug":"phch061_170928","status":"publish","type":"course_page","link":"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/?course_page=all-course\/college-of-science\/dac\/%e7%89%a9%e7%90%86%e5%8c%96%e5%ad%b8%e4%b8%80-physical-chemistry-i-106-%e5%ad%b8%e5%b9%b4%e5%ba%a6-%e6%87%89%e7%94%a8%e5%8c%96%e5%ad%b8%e7%b3%bb-%e7%8e%8b%e5%bb%ba%e9%9a%86%e8%80%81%e5%b8%ab\/phch061_170928","title":{"rendered":"The first law of thermodynamics"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"49670\" class=\"elementor elementor-49670\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"penci-section penci-disSticky penci-structure-10 elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-16700d17 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"16700d17\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"penci-ercol-100 penci-ercol-order-1 penci-sticky-ct    elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1832f798\" data-id=\"1832f798\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a3731c elementor-widget elementor-widget-breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"4a3731c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<link rel=\"stylesheet\" href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/wp-content\/plugins\/elementor-pro\/assets\/css\/widget-theme-elements.min.css\"><p id=\"breadcrumbs\"><span><span><a href=\"https:\/\/ocw.nycu.edu.tw\/\">Homepage<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"penci-section penci-disSticky penci-structure-20 elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6ad968e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6ad968e6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"penci-ercol-50 penci-ercol-order-1 penci-sticky-ct    elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52987d63\" data-id=\"52987d63\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5808cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e5808cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.13.3 - 28-05-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The first law of thermodynamics\n<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7aec5b11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"7aec5b11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/DjO0wBzarwA&quot;,&quot;modestbranding&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;lazy_load&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.13.3 - 28-05-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-video .elementor-widget-container{overflow:hidden;transform:translateZ(0)}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper{aspect-ratio:var(--video-aspect-ratio)}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper iframe,.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper video{height:100%;width:100%;display:flex;border:none;background-color:#000}@supports not (aspect-ratio:1\/1){.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper{position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:0;padding-bottom:calc(100% \/ 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elementor-element elementor-element-fc8fc3b\" data-id=\"fc8fc3b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-546b36ef elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"546b36ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.13.3 - 28-05-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-divider{--divider-border-style:none;--divider-border-width:1px;--divider-color:#0c0d0e;--divider-icon-size:20px;--divider-element-spacing:10px;--divider-pattern-height:24px;--divider-pattern-size:20px;--divider-pattern-url:none;--divider-pattern-repeat:repeat-x}.elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider{display:flex}.elementor-widget-divider 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var(--divider-color)}.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern{--divider-border-style:none}.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern.elementor-widget-divider--view-line .elementor-divider-separator,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line) .elementor-divider-separator:after,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not(.elementor-widget-divider--view-line) .elementor-divider-separator:before,.elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern:not([class*=elementor-widget-divider--view]) .elementor-divider-separator{width:100%;min-height:var(--divider-pattern-height);-webkit-mask-size:var(--divider-pattern-size) 100%;mask-size:var(--divider-pattern-size) 100%;-webkit-mask-repeat:var(--divider-pattern-repeat);mask-repeat:var(--divider-pattern-repeat);background-color:var(--divider-color);-webkit-mask-image:var(--divider-pattern-url);mask-image:var(--divider-pattern-url)}.elementor-widget-divider--no-spacing{--divider-pattern-size:auto}.elementor-widget-divider--bg-round{--divider-pattern-repeat:round}.rtl .elementor-widget-divider .elementor-divider__text{direction:rtl}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-divider,.e-con>.elementor-widget-divider{width:var(--container-widget-width,100%);--flex-grow:var(--container-widget-flex-grow)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da19150 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"da19150\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<table id=\"tablepress-142\" class=\"tablepress tablepress-id-142\">\n<thead>\n<tr class=\"row-1 odd\">\n\t<th class=\"column-1\">\u9031\u6b21<\/th><th class=\"column-2\">\u8ab2\u7a0b\u5167\u5bb9<\/th><th class=\"column-3\">\u8ab2\u7a0b\u5f71\u97f3<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody class=\"row-hover\">\n<tr class=\"row-2 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">An outline of thermodynamics<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=46950\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-3 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Matter, element, atoms and zeroth law of thermodynamics<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49652\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-4 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Introduction to molecular motion<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49658\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-5 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Boltzmann distribution, equipartition theorem<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49664\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-6 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">The first law of thermodynamics<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49670\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-7 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Heat capacity and microscopic of first law of thermodynamics<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49676\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-8 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Enthalpy, function and variable<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49682\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-9 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Thermochemistry<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49688\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-10 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Calorimetry<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49694\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-11 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Enthalpies of chemical change<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49700\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-12 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Internal energy - changes in internal energy<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49706\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-13 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Internal energy - changes at constant pressure<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49712\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-14 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">The Second law of thermodynamics<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49718\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-15 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Carnot cycle<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49724\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-16 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Entropy change for specific process<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49730\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-17 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Boltzmann formula for the entropy<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49736\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-18 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Spontaneous processes<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49742\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-19 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Combing the First and Second Laws<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49748\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-20 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Standard Gibbs energies<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49754\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-21 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Physical transformations \u2013 chemical potential<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49760\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-22 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Phase equilibria: one-component system (1\/2)<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49766\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-23 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Phase equilibria: one-component system (2\/2)<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49772\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-24 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Phase equilibria: multi-component system<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49778\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-25 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Thermodynamics of mixing<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49784\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-26 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">The Thermodynamic of ideal solution<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49790\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-27 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">The Thermodynamic of real solution<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49796\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-28 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Phase diagram (1\/2)<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49802\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-29 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Phase diagram (2\/2)<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49808\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-30 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Ionic solution<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49814\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-31 odd\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Colligative Properties<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a href=\"\/?post_type=course_page&amp;p=49820\">\u7dda\u4e0a\u89c0\u770b<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr class=\"row-32 even\">\n\t<td class=\"column-1\"><\/td><td class=\"column-2\">Chemical transformation, Equilibrium constant and Electrochemical cell<\/td><td class=\"column-3\"><a 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